1. Introduction
From this paper, the author gives us a summarizing explanation of What is E-learning, using the framework first designed by Zhao and Conway(2001). To further illustrating the definition of E-learning, this paper is divided into two parts: the first part discusses emerging trends in e-learning strategies, while the second part illustrates discourses in its 13-country study and Zhao and Conway(2001) study of 15 state educational plans in the USA.
In conclusion, the key theory of this paper can be given as the following chart:
____________________________________________________________________
Educational Goals
|
Technology
|
Student
|
Teacher
|
Economic competitiveness
|
As “stand-alone” information machine
|
Passive respondent to stimuli
|
Luddite
|
Democratic equity
|
As “network”
|
Active solo inquirer
|
Gatekeeper or filter
|
Active social inquirer
|
Designer
|
____________________________________________________________________
Luddite: In modern usage, "Luddite" is a term describing those opposed to, or slow to adopt or incorporate into their lifestyle, industrialisation,automation, computerisation or new technologies in general.
2. Emerging trends in e-learning strategies
a) Economic Development Level and Date of First ICT in Education Strategic Plan:
i. Negative correlation: the more a country is developed, the sooner it publishes its national educational ICT strategic plans.
ii. Developed countries tend to have more than one national educational ICT plan.
b) Variation: length, coverage and emphasis
i. Length:
1. Long: South Korea ICT plan & USA’s ICT plan
ii. Coverage:
1. General guidelines: Afghanistan & New Zealand
2. Detailed strategies: South Korea, India & Bangladesh
a) India’s ICT plan: detailed technology literacy standards for students at different education levels; specific curriculum guidelines; syllabus for information technology in schools.
b) Bangladesh plan: specific numbers of different educational institutions.
iii. Emphasis:
1. Specific strategies for addressing local situation:
a) Bangladesh
2. Specific strategies for addressing regional differences:
a) China
3. Specific strategies for addressing specific national condition:
a) Afghanistan
iv. Summary: The implication of the variation in the length, elaboration and coverage in strategic plans drew researchers’ attention to the important issue of policies’ strategic force.
c) Funding
i. Countries that specify the sources and amount of funds needed: USA, UK, Bangladesh, South Korea and Ireland.
ii. Countries that point out possible sources of funding: South Africa and China
iii. Other countries completely omitted this issue.
3. Definitions of E-learning, based on four focal themes: portrayal of goals, technology, students and teachers
a) Educational Goals:
i. Economic Competitiveness
1. What every country is doing:
a) USA: Success as a nation will depend substantially on our students’ ability to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary for high-technology work and informed citizenship.(U.S. Department of Education, 1996)
b) Singapore: technology integration in education aims at “anticipating the needs of the 21st century and producing a workforce of excellence.” (Singapore Ministry of Education, 1997)
c) South Korea: the promotion of ICT use in education plays an essential role.(South Korea Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, 2001: 79)
d) Bangladesh is determined to use ICT as the key-driving element for socio-economic development.
e) China is committed to “a new round of educational innovations which aims to change the tremendous population pressure into highly productive human resources,” (People’s Republic of China, 1998)
2. Fears:
a) USA: “Can schools afford the investment? The real question is, can they afford not to make the investment?” (U.S. Department of Education, 1996).
b) South Korea: Potential risks of not being able to make full use of current ICT in education.
ii. Democratic and human development goals
1. Digital divide between the haves and the have-nots
2. Gender equity
iii. Summary
1. Economic development plays an important part in influencing the educational goals in ICT plans between different countries.
2. Less developed countries are facing “peer pressure”.
3. A utilitarian attitude toward using ICT is pervasive in all plans.
4. The USA plan is leading any other plans.
b) Portrayal of technology
i. As network: Networked computers/Internet:
1. Afghanistan: interconnected and interoperable network of networks
2. USA: every classroom in the U.S.A. will be connected to the information superhighway-opening up worlds of knowledge and opportunities.
3. Singapore:
a) First plan: Internet is becoming a key content and learning resource in schools
b) Second plan: connect all schools, colleges, universities, public libraries and as many community centres as possible to the Grid.
4. Ireland: A digital network for schools will be developed to provide broadband access to all schools and access to research networks.
5. New Zealand: initiated a project to deliver high-speed Internet access to all schools and to most provincial communities.
6. South Korea: revised its comprehensive plan for ICT in education to increase the budget input for LAN installation, PC distribution to teachers and classrooms, and financial aid for Internet access in the schools.
ii. Stand-alone technologies:
1. Digital devices & analogue devices
2. South Korea: computers, TV, VCR, visual presenter, overhead projector and screen, printer, encoder, decoder, etc.
3. New Zealand: IT, CT & calculation tools
iii. A utopian tone: an unqualified extremely optimistic view of technology
1. It can cure all educational ills: USA, UK
2. An improvement of existing practice: New Zealand
3. High expectation and great enthusiasm.
iv. Problems:
1. the violation of intellectual property rights, distribution of inappropriate information, and hacking.
2. Undesirable outcomes: Afghanistan, India, Ireland, South Korea
v. Summary:
1. Reliance on newest technology as the default definition of technology;
a) To settle down with appropriate technologies and to take time to really integrate technologies into their current curriculum.
b) To find the most effective and efficient technologies, but not necessarily the newest technologies.
2. a utopian view of the potential of ICTs;
a) Technologies are usually used to facilitate existing practice instead of fundamentally change it.
3. myopic in relation to the long-term impact of technological innovations;
a) Potential negative outcomes: new social, ethical, and moral dilemmas; force changes upon teachers, students and school as a whole.
4. focus on “hard” aspects of ICT;
a) Focus on establishing a technology infrastructure, ignoring the “soft aspects”of it.
c) Portrayal of students
i. 1/3 of the plans do not include a discussion about the nature of the learner.
ii. The role of learners:
1. Passive learner: None
2. Active, quick, competent and confident learner
a) New Zealand: Students often approach ICT with excitement and curiosity, learning to use them quickly, competently, and with confidence.
b) South Korea: technology will transform the passive learner into an active one
3. Both independent and co-operative learner:
a) Singapore
4. Solo and social constructor of knowledge: vary along different countries
a) India: collaborate, pulish and interact with peers, experts and others
b) USA: communicate their results and conclusions
c) New Zealand: communicate and transfer data
5. Creative and independent thinking
a) Singapore emphasizes independent learning
b) UK: confidently take ownership of their learning
c) South Korea: self-directed learning
iii. Summary:
1. Learner as an active inquirer in the new environment where technology is supposed to play a major role
2. Nations differ in their views of how students construct knowledge:
a) China, Singapore & South Korea: solo learners
b) US & New Zealand: social learners.
3. Stress the importance of lifelong learning
4. State ICT plan in US: outcome-oriented views of students; ignore the important epistemological assumptions about students learning.
d) Portrayal of teacher
i. Roles of teacher:
1. Luddite: None
2. Gatekeeper: Open their classroom doors to technology
a) Teaching training has important place in most ICT plans
i. South Korea: several programs to evaluate and certify teachers
3. Designer: creatively use technology based on their curricula and their students’ needs & to design educational materials in their own fields.
4. Helper / facilitator: give assistance whenever learners need help
没有评论:
发表评论